About familial multiple polyposis
What is familial multiple polyposis?
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is a rare inherited cancer predisposition syndrome characterized by hundreds to thousands of precancerous colorectal polyps (adenomatous polyps). If left untreated, affected individuals inevitably develop cancer of the colon and/or rectum. FAP is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and caused by abnormalities (mutations) in the APC gene. Mutations in the APC gene cause a group of polyposis conditions that have overlapping features: familial adenomatous polyposis, Gardner syndrome, Turcot syndrome and attenuated FAP.
What are the symptoms for familial multiple polyposis?
Classic FAP is characterized by hundreds to thousands of colorectal adenomatous polyps, with polyps appearing on average at age 16 years. Without colectomy, affected individuals usually develop colorectal cancer by the third or fourth decade of life. FAP is also associated with an increased risk for cancer of the small intestine including the duodenum, and cancer of the thyroid, pancreas, liver (hepatoblatoma), central nervous system (CNS), and bile ducts, although these typically occur in less than 10% of affected individuals.
Individuals with CNS tumors and colorectal polyposis have historically been defined as Turcot syndrome. Two-thirds of cases of Turcot syndrome develop from mutations in the APC gene. The remaining cases develop from mutations in the genes that cause hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) also known as Lynch syndrome. Mutations in the APC gene are more commonly associated with medulloblastoma; mutations in the genes that cause HNPCC are more commonly associated with glioblastoma.
Extracolonic manifestations are variably present in FAP, including polyps of the stomach, duodenum and small bowel; and osteomas (bony growths), dental abnormalities, congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE), and soft tissue tumors including epidermoid cysts, fibromas and desmoid tumors. About 5% of individuals with FAP experience morbidity and/or mortality from desmoid tumors. The term Gardner syndrome is often used when colonic polyposis is accompanied by clinically obvious osteomas and soft tissue tumors.
Attenuated FAP is a variant of familial adenomatous polyposis. The disorder is characterized by an increased risk for colorectal cancer (although lower risk than classical FAP) but with fewer polyps (average of 30) and later age of onset of polyps and cancer than is typically seen in classic FAP. Extra-colonic manifestations are also associated with attenuated FAP.
What are the causes for familial multiple polyposis?
Familial adenomatous polyposis is caused by germline (present in the first cell of the embryo) mutations in the APC gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that on average 50% of children of an affected parent will have the disease passed on to them.
Dominant genetic disorders occur when only a single copy or allele of a specific gene is mutated, thereby causing a particular disease. The abnormal gene can be inherited from either parent or can be the result of a new mutation (gene change) in the affected individual. The risk of passing the abnormal gene from affected parent to offspring is 50% for each pregnancy. The risk is the same for males and females.
What are the treatments for familial multiple polyposis?
Partial or complete removal of the colon (colectomy) is usually recommended for individuals with classical FAP at an appropriate age, usually between the late teens and late 30s. Sulindac is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) usually used for arthritis, but is sometimes prescribed for individuals with FAP who have had a colectomy to treat polyps in the remaining rectum. Polyps will almost always regress, but it is uncertain if the cancer risk is changed, so surveillance must be continued.
Removal of duodenal polyps is sometimes recommended if they cause symptoms, are large or contain large numbers of abnormal cells (dysplasia). This is to prevent them from becoming cancerous.
Desmoid tumors are benign, but may cause problems by compressing organs and/or blood vessels in the abdomen. These are treated variously with surgery, NSAIDs, anti-estrogen medications, chemotherapy and/or radiation depending on the details in each case. They are sometimes just followed when they do not grow.
Genetic counseling is recommended for individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis and their at-risk family members. This is very helpful to properly obtain and interpret genetic testing. Affected individuals should be screened clinically and endoscopically on a regular basis in order to identify cancerous and pre-cancerous tumors at an early stage. Colon cancer is virtually always prevented by screening and properly timed colectomy. This is similar for duodenal cancer. Other cancers are usually detected early, rather than prevented.
What are the risk factors for familial multiple polyposis?
Your risk of familial adenomatous polyposis is higher if you have a parent, child, brother, or sister with the condition.